Spatial Distribution Of Employment Research Articles

Aktuelle Veränderungen der strukturellen und regionalen Disparitäten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Serbien – Eine Shift-Share Analyse

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the regional competitiveness of the labour market and the regional concentration of employment in Serbia for the period 2015–2020. A shift-share analysis was used to measure the spatial competitiveness. Based on the results, we have drawn up a typology of 25 regions (NUTS 3 level) in Serbia, and the main processes regarding structural changes and regional employment differentiation were identified as indicators of regional economic development. On this basis, conclusions about the state’s location policy in the given period can be drawn, in the context of both its institutional conditions and the accepted model of economic growth. The article provides a brief insight into the main methodological issues of the shiftshare analysis and proposes a new typogram for the classification of territorial units, which is applied in the interpretation of the results and the discussion. The aim of this study is to analyse the structural changes and regional differentiation of the labour market. The results are important for determining dynamics in the spatial distribution of employment and the regional competitiveness of the labour market and for improving regional and sectoral policies, regional planning, and labour market management at the regional and national levels.

The reproduction of social inequalities at neighborhood level in Salvador, Brazil: Does the spatial proximity to affluent gated communities mitigate neighborhood effects?

ABSTRACT The paper examines the impact of neighborhood effects on individuals’ socioeconomic integration in two peripheral shanty-towns and in three favelas located in Brazil. In the peripheral São João do Cabrito, the individuals’ embeddedness in a homogeneously poor region fosters their social isolation; yet, in Fazenda Grande II/Jaguaripe I, the population’s socioeconomic heterogeneity attenuates neighborhood effects. The individuals’ functional integration vis-à-vis their wealthy surroundings declines toward the periphery of their neighborhood, their chances of integration being conditioned by the shared use of public space, and the surrounding gated communities’ degree of spatial isolation. We discuss three mechanisms that explain neighborhood effects: changes in the support structures, the impact of crime, and territorial stigmatization. We conclude that individuals’ chances of integration mainly depend on the spatial distribution of employment and urban services, rather than on their proximity to affluent neighborhoods.

Public good provision and local employment – Evidence from grammar school closures in East Germany

This paper assesses the impact of public good provision on the spatial distribution of employment as predicted by a local labor market model that allows for commuting. Using local grammar school closures in East Germany after 2000 in a difference-in-differences estimation framework coupled with an entropy balancing strategy, we find that the school closures triggered a decline in the number of (employed) residents by 11%. The number of local employees, in contrast, decreases by just 5% as in-commuters do not respond to the school closures. Moreover, we find – as predicted – that the school closures reduce house prices and that the share of land used for housing declines, albeit only to a small extent.

Identifying subcenters with a nonparametric method and ubiquitous point-of-interest data: A case study of 284 Chinese cities

Urban spatial structure, which is primarily defined as the spatial distribution of employment and residences, has been of lasting interest to urban economists, geographers, and planners for good reason. This paper proposes a nonparametric method that combines the Jenks natural break method and the Moran’s I to identify a city’s polycentric structure using point-of-interest density. Specifically, a polycentric city consists of one main center and at least one subcenter. A qualified (sub)center should have a significantly higher density of human activity than its immediate surroundings (locally high) and a relatively higher density than all the other subareas in the city (globally high). Treating Chinese cities as the subject, we ultimately identified 70 cities with polycentric structures from 284 prefecture-level cities in China. In addition, regression analyses were conducted to reveal the predictors of polycentricity among the subjects. The regression results indicate that the total population, GDP, average wage, and urban land area of a city all significantly predict polycentricity. As a whole, this paper provides an alternative and transferrable method for identifying main centers and subcenters across cities and to reveal common predictors of polycentricity. The proposed method avoids some of the potential problems in the conventional approach, such as the arbitrariness of thres hold. setting and sensitivity to spatial scales. It can also be replicated rather conveniently, as its input data, such as point-of-interest data, are widely available to the public and the data’s validity can be efficiently checked by field trips or other traditional data sources, such as land-use maps or censuses.

Análise da distribuição espacial dos empregos no município de Palmas-TO

O trabalho buscou mensurar e analisar a distribuição espacial do emprego no município de Palmas-TO. Foi utilizada a base de dados da FIETO (Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Tocantins), relativos a 477 das 738 empresas localizadas no município de Palmas-TO. O presente trabalho se diferencia dos demais em razão do nível da abordagem utilizada quando da análise da distribuição espacial do emprego em escala municipal. O Quociente Locacional (QL) foi a métrica utilizada para indicar a concentração relativa de uma determinada atividade econômica no município de Palmas-TO. Os resultados indicam que 42,3% dos empregos estão preenchidos nas indústrias de transformação enquanto. Algumas atividades econômicas resultaram em quocientes locacionais bem elevados (QL > 7), a exemplo da eletricidade e gás (QL = 7,32) na região noroeste; alojamento e alimentação (QL = 10,90); água, esgoto, atividade de gestão de resíduos e descontaminação obtiveram (QL = 8,18) e indústrias extrativas (QL = 8,06), ambas na região sul.

Distribution des emplois et identification des sous-centres d’affaires dans l’agglomération lilloise

Nous étudions la distribution des emplois sur la métropole lilloise afin d’identifier les principaux sous-centres d’affaires et caractériser la forme urbaine de cette agglomération. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de repérer les communes avec des niveaux d’emplois élevés, mais celles qui exercent aussi une influence significative sur la distribution des emplois. L’identification des sous-centres d’affaires est importante car ces zones d’emplois influencent les décisions de localisation des acteurs économiques, et sont donc à prendre en compte dans l’élaboration des politiques urbaines. La difficulté technique consiste à séparer l’effet du centre-ville (le principal centre d’affaires) de l’effet des multiples sous-centres. Les méthodes statistiques que nous utilisons permettent de prendre en compte ce problème. Nos résultats confirment la structure polycentrique de l’agglomération lilloise et nous trouvons que la commune de Roubaix (parfois accompagnée par Tourcoing) se distingue par une centralité importante. En moyenne, l’éloignement d’un sous-centre d’affaires d’un kilomètre diminue la densité d’emploi de près de 20 %.

Temporary Trade Shocks, Spatial Reallocation, and Persistence in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in West Africa

In response to rising inequality following decades of trade liberalization, many countries are adopting trade restrictions. Can temporary trade restrictions have long-lasting effects on the spatial distribution of employment and resource allocation? To analyze this, this paper exploits the civil war in Cote d'Ivoire (2002-07), which disrupted access to the world market for two neighboring landlocked countries: Mali and Burkina Faso. The Ivorian war forced rerouting of trade from the Abidjan route to non-Abidjan routes. This paper builds a general equilibrium model where a subsistence-based autarkic hinterland coexists with an integrated segment, and there are two alternative routes to international markets. A trade shock to one route affects resource allocation in both routes by shifting the spatial margins of market integration and sectoral specialization. The effects are heterogeneous, depending on the pre-war market access of a location. The empirical analysis takes advantage of panel data and estimates the effects on structural change in employment on the non-Abidjan route using a triple difference design with location fixed effects. The areas that remain in autarkic equilibrium before and after the trade shock provide plausible estimates of the changes arising from long-term factors unrelated to the trade shock. The estimates show that the temporary trade shock created divergence between the Abidjan and non-Abidjan routes, with accelerated structural change in favor of manufacturing and services employment in the non-Abidjan route. This paper finds evidence of persistence in the effects through higher sunk investment in built-up density, agglomeration through concentration of skilled labor and greater public investment in complementary inputs such as electricity infrastructure (measured by nightlights density).

League Tables and Concentric Banding: How Similar are the Employment and Education Domains of the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010?

This paper seeks to provide further evidence about ‘league table’ orderings for deprivation in local areas, especially for two domains – employment and education – which seem likely to be closely related. Rather than relying solely on administrative Local Authority areas and functional economic areas, our focus is to refine the concentric banding approach introduced in Nolan et al. (Local Economy 27(4): 403–418, 2012), and to apply it throughout England. We also introduce two new procedures by which areas might be systematically split into smaller components. The spatial distributions of employment and education deprivation turn out to be quite different (and distinct from the spatial distribution of overall deprivation). Throughout, there is clear evidence that it matters what size of local area is considered.

The US Census Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Datasets

Over the last several years, the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics program at the US Census Bureau has partnered with state labor market information offices to produce a collection of extremely rich datasets based on linked employer-employee records. These datasets, available free for download from the program website, offer exceptionally detailed information on a number of topics of interest to regional scientists, including migration, local labor market dynamics, and the spatial distribution of employment. This article describes the process by which these data are generated, the different publicly available datasets, and examples of research in regional science that is already using these data.

City-level urban form and traffic safety: A structural equation modeling analysis of direct and indirect effects

While most existing studies have examined the impact of the community- and street-level built environment on traffic safety, few have provided empirical evidence on the associations between urban form characteristics and traffic safety at the city level. To this end, this article first created a detailed list of 23 variables to measure city-level urban form of 100 major Urban Areas (UAs) in the United States and then applied factor analysis to construct five latent variables which describe urban form. Factor analysis is also used to define mediator variables reflecting citywide transportation network features and dependent variable of traffic safety. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is then used to investigate how city-level urban form, directly and indirectly (through mediators of transportation network features), affects traffic safety. Based on the statistical results, urban traffic is safer in UAs with more uniform job-housing balance among their different tracts, more polycentric design, and less low-density sprawl. In addition to spatial variation in employment and urban density that have significant direct effect on traffic safety, improving transportation network connectivity and increasing the supply of public transit facilities and upper-level transport infrastructures can decrease traffic fatalities indirectly, through encouraging the use of non-driving transport modes. It is estimated that a 10% increase in urban density as well as a 10% increase in even spatial distribution of employment can reduce the rate of fatal crashes by >15%, on average. These findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating city-level land-use policies into the planning practices, in terms of traffic safety.

Study on Spatial Distribution of Employment in Shenyang

Study on Spatial Distribution of Employment in Shenyang

Identify the Spatial Characteristics of Employment Density in Northeast China with Software GIS and Spatial Statistics

The spatial distribution of employment is very important to the study of regional structure. We made an analysis on the spatial characteristics of employment density in Northeast China based on the regional density equation and spatial statistical methods with GIS and Geoda. The results showed that the employment centers concentrate along the coast, the local convergence trend becomes more and more obvious from the northern to the southern part, and the multi-center pattern of employment has been formed in the Northeast Region of China, which is like an inverted letter Y. From the year 2004 to 2008, the concentration of the employment density in the Northeast China continued to be strengthened. However, different local employment centers presented different patterns of growth. The results in this study can support the decision-making for local development, and the model and methods used in this paper may provide reference for relative studies.

Applying economic-based analytical regions: a study of the spatial distribution of employment in Spain

Even though there is a general consensus in the regional economics literature about the relevance of agglomeration economies in the distribution of economic activity, analyses of regional differences in employability in Spain have found limited empirical evidence about the role played by population concentrations. Our hypothesis in this paper is that the lack of evidence supporting theoretically expected behavior about the role of agglomerations is mainly explained by the fact that administrative rather analytical regions have been used. To check this, we propose a study based on spatially disaggregated data from the Population Census and its aggregation into analytical regions that incorporate ideas from the new economic geography. Our results regarding the effect of space on employment opportunities with this alternative classification suggest, as expected, that living in large cities or close to metropolitan areas increases the possibilities of being employed. The different results support the need for more highly disaggregated data at spatial level in order to overcome the limitations inherent to empirical analysis based on administrative regions.

Changing Job Access of the Poor: Effects of Spatial and Socioeconomic Transformations in Chicago, 1990–2010

Research has shown that the job access of the poor has been declining because of two major reasons: the spatial distribution of employment and housing, and socioeconomic restructuring. This paper aims to untangle the effects of the two factors on poor job seekers’ access to jobs in the Chicago metropolitan area from 1990 to 2010. Using census tracts as the unit of analysis, this research examines the effects of these two factors on the growth and distribution of poor job seekers and their matching jobs, as well as the consequential changes in job demand, supply and job access across the study area. Results show that spatial changes have increased job accessibility for the poor while socioeconomic transformation has adversely affected it.

Spatial Distribution of Employment in Hermosillo, 1999–2004

While the suburbanisation process has been well documented in some large cities of several developed countries, much less attention has been devoted to the case of small and middle-sized cities in developing countries. This article focuses on an exploratory spatial data analysis to investigate the location of the central business district (CBD) and other employment centres in Hermosillo, Mexico. The results reveal the significant presence of spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, although their extent varies with the sector under study. These spatial effects take the form of a persistent cluster of high values of employment around the historical district of the city shaping a huge CBD, although a sub-centre of high values emerges to the south and to the north-west of the CBD in 2004. Overall, Hermosillo is still characterised by a traditional monocentric model, but the role of its CBD has changed.

Using Place Rank to measure sustainable accessibility

Sustainability and its implications for transport planning is an area of growing interest to researchers, transport practitioners and policy makers. This study draws from recent research on the concept and measurement of sustainable accessibility in urban areas. The paper focuses on the particular case of small urban areas, where walking and cycling represent a significant proportion of the overall travel mode share. The methodology suggested in this paper departs from the use of traditional gravity-based measures of accessibility and sustainability, which tend to focus on motorised modes of travel. Instead, the present study suggests an extension of the Place Rank accessibility method to incorporate a measurement of sustainability through the multi-modal analysis of commuting trips for the City of Galway, Ireland. The paper concludes that the use of a multi-modal approach to the measurement of sustainable accessibility offers an additional insight into the nature of urban commuting and the spatial distribution of employment in small cities, where the understanding of non-motorised travel-to-work mode use is of great importance for urban transport planning and practice.

Spatial Analysis of Selected Manufacturing and Service Sectors in China's Economy Using County Employment Data for 1990 and 2000

Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. and Cromley R. G. Spatial analysis of selected manufacturing and service sectors in China's economy using county employment data for 1990 and 2000, Regional Studies. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the spatial distribution of employment in forty-one economic sectors in China in 1990 and in 2000. Sectors are approximately split between manufacturing and services. Spatial distributions of employment by sector are analysed at the county level, and relative sectoral specialization at the county level is also considered. Manufacturing and service clusters are identified in both years using factor analysis, and the resulting factor scores are used in mapping their spatial extent. In general, geographical concentration in Chinese manufacturing accelerated between 1990 and 2000, while services became more spatially uniform in their distribution. Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. et Cromley R. G. Une analyse géographique des secteurs de l'industrie et des services choisis de l'économie chinoise à partir des données sur l'emploi au niveau du comté pour 1990 et pour l'an 2000, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à fournir une analyse comparative de la distribution géographique de l'emploi dans quarante et un secteurs économiques chinois pour 1990 et pour l'an 2000. Les secteurs se répartissent de façon approximative entre l'industrie et les services. On analyse des distributions géographiques de l'emploi par secteur d'activité au niveau du comté et on considère aussi la spécialisation sectorielle relative au niveau du comté. Employant une analyse factorielle, on identifie des regroupements des industries et des services pour les deux années en question, et on se sert des scores qui en résultent afin d'élaborer leur portée géographique. En règle générale, la concentration géographique de l'industrie chinoise s'est accélérée en 1990 et en 2000, tandis que la distribution des services est devenue plus uniforme sur le plan géographique. Chine Analyse géographique Services Regroupement Economies de localisation Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. und Cromley R. G. Raumanalyse ausgewählter Produktions- und Dienstleistungssektoren der chinesischen Wirtschaft mit Hilfe von Beschäftigungsdaten auf Bezirksebene für die Jahre 1990 und 2000, Regional Studies. Dieser Beitrag enthält eine vergleichende Analyse der räumlichen Verteilung der Beschäftigung in 41 Wirtschaftssektoren Chinas in den Jahren 1990 und 2000. Die Sektoren werden grob auf produzierende und Dienstleistungssektoren aufgeteilt. Die räumliche Verteilung der Beschäftigung je nach Sektor wird auf Bezirksebene analysiert, wobei auch die relative sektorale Spezialisierung auf Bezirksebene berücksichtigt wird. Für beide Jahre werden mit Hilfe einer Faktorenanalyse Herstellungs- und Dienstleistungscluster identifiziert; die daraus resultierenden Faktorenwerte werden zur Abbildung ihres räumlichen Umfangs genutzt. Im Allgemeinen beschleunigte sich die geografische Konzentration der chinesischen Produktion im Zeitraum von 1990 bis 2000, während sich die Dienstleistungen räumlich gleichmäßiger verteilten. China Raumanalyse Dienstleistungssektor Cluster Lokalisierungsökonomien Hanink D. M., Ebenstein A. Y. y Cromley R. G. Análisis espacial de sectores exclusivos de manufactura y servicios en la economía de China usando datos de empleo de los condados para 1990 y 2000, Regional Studies. En este artículo llevamos a cabo un análisis comparativo de la distribución espacial del empleo en cuarenta y un sectores económicos de China en 1990 y 2000. Los sectores se han dividido aproximadamente entre manufactura y servicios. Hemos analizado las distribuciones espaciales del empleo por sector para cada condado y también hemos considerado la especialización sectorial relativa para cada condado. Identificamos las aglomeraciones de manufactura y servicios para ambos años usando un análisis de factores y las puntuaciones resultantes de los factores sirven para representar la extensión espacial. En general, la concentración geográfica en el sector manufacturero de China se aceleró entre 1990 y 2000, mientras que los servicios se volvieron más uniformes espacialmente en su distribución. China Análisis espacial Sector de servicios Aglomeración Economías de localización

Urban Restructuring of Istanbul

After 1980s, the major cities of Turkey have experienced urban transformation process following the changes in the international trade policy and the impact of globalization. Istanbul took the highest amount of share from these transformation processes as being the most important economic, cultural and tourism centre and the most integrated centre to the world economy of the country. This paper describes Istanbul's historical development, investigates demographic profile and spatial distribution of employment and illustrates multi-centre development of the city. Decentralization of population and jobs illustrate the multi-centre development. Multi-centre development contributes to sustainable urban development which provides efficient energy use and prevents pollution. Istanbul having a long history, large population and being in a very strategic location between Asia and Europe greatly effected from globalization which is reflected in its transformation of urban structure and increased land values and thus offered great opportunities for the real estate investors. The role of Istanbul within the world hierarchy of cities is suggested for further research.

Predicting housing prices at alternative locations and under alternative scenarios of the spatial job distribution

Alternative hedonic model formulations are used to compare predicted and observed prices of property transactions at alternative locations. The estimation of model parameters is based on data from western Norway. In addition to evaluating the predictability of alternative model formulations we study how housing prices in different areas are affected by changes in the spatial distribution of employment. Alternative scenarios of job relocations are considered. We find that the local impact of labor market shocks is negatively related to the degree of urbanization in the relevant area. A centralization of job opportunities has a relatively marginal influence on the spatial pattern of house prices, while the reverse is not true for a decentralization of job opportunities. Further, a negative shock gives a quantitatively larger effect on house prices than a corresponding positive shock.

Persistence in urban form: The long-run durability of employment centers in metropolitan areas

This paper documents a marked persistence in the spatial distribution of employment in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area. Over a medium-term of twenty years — a period of pronounced growth and change in the region's employment and population — lagged employment density dominates access variables in explaining levels and ranks of current employment density. Similarly, the probability that a tract is located within a current employment center is largely a function of past membership rather than proximity to highways or the central business district. Moreover, longer-term persistence is also readily apparent: concentrations of employment a century ago explain the current distribution of employment as well as access to the modern highway system. This stability in the location of employment and employment concentrations over medium- and longer-terms suggests important roles for agglomeration, adjustment costs, and the durability of fixed investment in modeling the evolution of metropolitan areas.